The Religion of Paul the Apostle by John Ashton Essay Example for Free

The Religion of Paul the Apostle by John Ashton Essay This book is the result of the author’s conviction that a significant method of understanding Saint Paul has been disregarded. He specifies the thought communicated in 1888 by Hermann Gunkel, that Paul’s beneficial encounters are the way to understanding his instructing about the soul. On page 198 Ashton cites Heinrich Weinel as saying :-  â â â â â â â â â â Whenever the early church discusses soul and spirits it is consistently a matter of an observation dependent on visit events of genuine encounters. We see thusly that this book is considerably more an endeavor to clarify Paul’s encounters than one more assessment of his religious philosophy. The ad spot on the rear of this bizarre book says in the author’s own words :- Paul did, I think, found a religion, and this book is generally concerned  with the subject of how he came to do as such. Other than being an investigation of relative religion it is additionally proffered as a commitment towards the  history of early Christianity. Some would contend with that definition †it appears to expel Christ from the image and furthermore crafted by different evangelists. Paul has such a conspicuous situation in the New Testament not really on the grounds that he was a higher priority than different evangelists, but since, in Luke, he had such an amazing biographer. A gander at the Bible references in the rear of the book uncovers how often Paul’s life or words are referenced in contrast with the generally scarcely any references taken from the accounts and the Old Testament. The book is extremely worried about definitions, specifically with the distinction betweenâ religion †characterized as understanding, and philosophy †characterized as the reasoning that comes because of that experience. This is an academic fill in as can be seen promptly from the foundation of the creator and the quantity of works by different researchers that he has counseled .John Ashton was some time ago a speaker in New Testament Studies at Oxford University. He had recently educated at the colleges of London, St Andrews and Edinburgh. At the hour of composing this book ( 2000) he was Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson College, likewise in Oxford. He is most popular for expounding on John’s gospel †‘Understanding the Fourth Gospel’, ‘Approaches to the Fourth Gospel’ and so forth ‘The religion of Saint Paul the Apostle’ was initially a progression of 8 talks which the creator had been approached to give at Oxford University in 1998. These were the yearly ‘Wilde Lectures in Natural and Comparative Religion’, established under a trust deed in 1908. The idea of the talks has changed over the yearsâ as Ashton clarifies. Some time ago they looked to recognize the higher religions from the lower, however this second piece of the depiction was dropped in 1969, likely in an endeavor not to seem bigot or critical. He utilizes material both from Paul himself, yet additionally from peers of his from both Jewish and Hellenistic, for example agnostic, foundations. Ashton depicts how from the 1880’s onwards there had been endeavors to contemplate the New Testament as impartially as one may concentrate some other verifiable sources, yet in addition proceeds to state that the individuals were concerned were really scholars instead of students of history and were in the principle Christians. It is anyway a subject t whereupon it is hard to stay target whatever one’s foundation as devotee, nonbeliever, freethinker or individual from another religion.  Ashton’s principle contention in this work is that Paul’s individual enchanted encounters, particularly the occasions on the Damascus street recorded by Luke in Acts 9, might be of more significance than the to some degree unsystematic religious philosophy of his letters. The book looks to show how significant parts of Paul’s life and service ought to be found in the light of his strict experience. He cites Schweitzer who said of Paul’s magic that it ‘marks the last phase of the fight battled by the possibility of revival to set up its place in eschatology’. He inspects intently what he sees as shamanistic components of Paul, both in his educating and his letters and notices how, from the1880’s onwards there have been the individuals who have looked to demonstrate that Paul was significantly affected by agnostic riddle religions which proliferated at the time giving for instance his philosophy of submersion which it could be contended was fundamentally the same as that of the re-enactions of the demise and resurrection of different divine beings, for example, Attis,â a Phrygian lord of vegetation and Adonis,â a Greek god. These thoughts would be recognizable to Paul, purchased up as he was in reality as we know it where Greek impact was significant, yet his principle influenceâ probably been his Jewish foundation, in spite of the fact that Ashton accepts that Paul’s religion was preferably progressively over an insignificant change of Judaism. On page 135 Ashton depicts sanctification as rehearsed in the houses of worship that Paul established similar to close to a token when contrasted with the soul changing experiences rehearsed in different religions of the time. Some would differ with this minimalisation of what they see as a significant piece of Christian ceremony, and in numerous chapels it is just attempted after a time of guidance which might be very drawn out. Ashton says that the beginning stage for Paul’s thinking regarding the matter comes not from his insight into baptismal practices in Judaism, however was an aftereffect of his emotional passing beneficial experience on the Damascus street and the ensuing revival to another life in Damascus.  In section 7 he clarifies the part that the soul world played in old occasions †anything that couldn't be disclosed was esteemed to be crafted by spirits and divine beings †for good or sick. Notice is made of how evil presences were accepted to be behind and to clarify a wide range of happenings that veered off from the standard, for example, storms, plagues, riots, despondent relationships and considerably more. Paul doesn't make reference to evil presences much, however he alludes to what he sees as his one incredible foe †Satan. Ashton clarifies the job of the soul both in Paul’s life and in that of his proselytes. He additionally looks at the job of Christ himself in a section which he understands may cause offense as it is entitled ‘Jesus the Shaman’.â In request to relieve any offense he expresses that shamanism was not the most significant part of Jesus’ service, yet says that Jesus’ life as a meandering healer fits in with shamanistic practices much more than accomplishes crafted by Paul. He asserts that Jesus was not exceptional in this citing a few sources. There is nitty gritty reference to the different words used to portray Jesus’ activities in ‘muzzling’ malicious spirits. This, Ashton says, just places Christ close by different exorcists of the time. The thing that matters was the means by which he did it as indicated by Mark section 3 v 11 and 12 where we are informed that â€Å" Whenever the abhorrent spirits saw him they tumbled down before him and shouted out ‘You are the Son of God’.† On page 69, despite everything talking about the shamanism of Christ, Ashton advises us that in each of the three brief accounts the two episodes of the absolution of Christ and the allurement in the wild are recorded in a specific order andâ he concedes that for the reasons for his contention it would be better on the off chance that they had beenâ recorded in the opposite request which would have fitted in better with the standard shamanistic experience of battle followed by call or strengthening yet a t least the two are related.  Although in part 2, entitled ‘Paul the Enigma’ the inquiry is posed ‘Was Paul a shaman?’ the appropriate response is immediately given ‘Not really’. A shaman is an individual from an innate society who goes about as a medium between the normal world and the otherworldly one. A shaman is constrained in his impact and furthermore his times of soul filled bliss are restricted and short lived. He utilizes enchantment to control occasions in the normal world, regardless of whether for good as in mending, or for terrible as in curses. Paul used his forces to control nature as when on the isle of Malta ( Acts 27) to fix numerous individuals, yet it was accessible generally and not utilized in a negative manner. However the creator demands that some of Paul’s rehearses were shamanistic in nature and statements the case of an image of Paul struck visually impaired from ‘Trà ¨s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.’ Under the image are the words ‘The roused cleric or shaman is normally called to his vocationâ by a horrendous experience.’ Ashton sees the job of the shaman in two sections †the shaman’s individual experience and his capacity to convince others of his outstanding blessings. This last angle is depicted as the social perspective. Ashton cites finally from a Japanese work regarding the matter which expresses that a shaman is one who gets a blessing from the soul world. Typically this is from one soul who turns into a buddy or control and in the wake of accepting the blessing the shaman may encounter a time of panic a short time later which brings about sickness. The procedure includes a total difference in character, maybe like that depicted at the hour of Paul’s meeting with the risen Christ. Whatever happened to Paul he himself considered it to be a dream and a call †see Galatians 1. On page 243 Ashton makes reference to the finding of the archives currently known as the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947. One of these ‘Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice’ was at last distributed distinctly in 1985. He expresses that as right on time as 1971 John Bowker had advanced the suggestion that Paul’s vision occurred while he was occupied with a time of merkabah enchantment as referenced in the parchment. He at that point makes reference to the doctoral proposition distributed in 1980 by Seyoon Kim ‘The Origin’s of Paul’s Gospel† which appears to be ready to demonstrate a connection between Ezekiel 1, a

Music as Social Commnetary

The finish of the Reagan Administration isn't commonly known for political activism but then during the exceptionally moderate Reagan years, probably the greatest endeavors of music to battle the issues of the world started. John Cougar Mellankamp composed the collection, â€Å"Rain on the Scarecrow† and started the Farm Aid shows to cause to notice the vanishing American family far. Michael Jackson and the melodic tip top of the day composed and performed, â€Å"We Are the World† and Sir Bob Geldof caused to notice the African starvations with his multi-star execution and recording of â€Å"Do They Know It’s Christmas?† Into that political atmosphere, vocalist/lyricist Jackson Browne composed and discharged the tune, â€Å"How Long? † on his â€Å"World in Motion† collection discharged in 1989 (â€Å"Ontario Coalition Against Poverty† 1). Hypothesis runs high that Browne may have been legitimately tending to the issues of worldwide de stitution or may have been examining the issue of Apartheid in South Africa, avery mainstream reason for the late 1980s. Browne, the German-conceived child of an American military picture taker, had become notable for his political activism.After composing for the absolute greatest names in the music business including The Byrds and The Eagles (Paris 1), Browne recorded his own music starting in the mid-1970s and finishing with his hits â€Å"Running on Empty† and â€Å"The Load Out (Stay)†. At that point, his in the past agreeable music transformed into political explanation after political articulation. He composed an alliance of performers against atomic vitality after the Three Mile Island mishap and frequently expounded on governmental issues, saying,† nothing is more close to home than your political beliefs.† (Paris 1) But America of the late 1980s was in feel-acceptable mode. The divider was descending in Berlin, the Cold War at an end and the Sovie t Union was disintegrating. The collection which included â€Å"How Long† was the most noticeably awful exhibition of Browne’s profession, other than his introduction collection when no one knew his name (Wade 1). The starvation in Ethiopia and different pieces of the world were enormous news, however to a great extent disregarded with the exception of during feel-great aid projects and vagrancy in America was a tremendous issue as the Reagan period drove the separation between those who are well off and the less wealthy considerably more remote apart.Browne, who was reproachful of nonconformists and moderates the same (Ward 1), worked the tune to get everybody out for their happy acknowledgment of the weapons contest and gigantic military financial plans. Others theorize that the tune identifies with the Anti-Apartheid endeavors. The South African emergency was large news during the Reasgan organization with Congress establishing exacting limitation on South African e xchange, starting in 1986, and mainstream society sanctifying Nelson and Winnie Mandela.And that enemy of Apartheid development was significant in mainstream society. Deadly Weapon 2 (1989) featured the issues including the race-based segregation in South Africa that year the melody was discharged and the pioneer framework initiated by the Dutch didn't end until some other time. Unfortunately, nonetheless, the melody appears to be to a great extent lost in time, turning out in the main year of the administration of George H. W. Shrub when the world acknowledged that the weapons contest was finished and social awareness was starting to take hold.It nearly seems like Browne missed the pontoon with â€Å"How Long† as he was condemning of the military mechanical complex which was at that point during the time spent disassembling after the reunification of Germany and the crumbling of the Soviet Union. Besides, the tune manages the issue of kids and starvation, however didn't serv e to cause specific to notice the issue around the world, conceivable because of the caprices of the melody. The notions of the tune make it hard to distinguish what social bad form specifically Browne would have liked to address and that may have been his point.While asking when all is said in done â€Å"How Long? † individuals were eager to endure social bad form far and wide, Browne may have assisted with causing to notice both the requirement for atomic demilitarization and the need to end Apartheid. We do realize that it requests that the audience think about the youngsters and their future. â€Å"How Long† starts with a section depicting the potential outcomes clear in a child’s face and asks the audience, apparently Americans and different residents of the world, to what extent the youngster would endure on the off chance that it were up to them (â€Å"How Long† Lines 1-8).The issue is that the offspring of the 1980s were not the bloom power age of the 1960s and the unobtrusively was lost. Asking â€Å"How long †would the kid endure/How long †on the off chance that it was up to you† was not the source of inspiration required in the late 1980s. Oneself retained age could without much of a stretch simply answer the question and overlook the source of inspiration underneath the words. In fact, there is no proof that the tune had any effect other than as an inconspicuous token of what they saw day by day on the news. In the subsequent stanza, Browne gets somewhat more immediate with his arraignment of the audience yet at the same time neglects to call them to action.â€Å"When you consider the cash spent On guard by an administration And the weapons of pulverization we've constructed We're certain to such an extent that we need And you think about the millions and millions That cash could take care of How long †would you be able to hear somebody crying How long †would you be able to hear somebody passi ng on Before you wonder why? † (Browne, â€Å"How Long† Lines 9-16) Ultimately, Browne works admirably of calling attention to the political and social issues of the time, yet neglects to take a position on what ought to be done about it.There is a dubious idea that the legislature should quit burning through cash on rocket barrier frameworks and atomic weapons for spending on social issues, however he never beseeches his crowd to make a move. Rather, the crowd can essentially concur that indeed, it is an issue and afterward return to their own lives without interference or any adjustment in real life. Maybe the one spot where Browne’s work may be viewed as powerful is in his last stanza, when he talks about the need to think about the globe uniquely in contrast to the blue and white and green picture seen from space (Browne, â€Å"How Long†).Finally, he asks to what extent until we â€Å"have something to offer where the planet’s concerned? † (â€Å"Browne, â€Å"How Long† Lines 38-39) Though the melody is commonly acknowledged as an enemy of military, expert social change song, these last lines may have been impacted by his relationship with ecological lobbyist and entertainer Darryl Hannah and may suggest the possibility that individuals need to make a move concerning the world’s natural circumstance. In that manner, it might have had some restricted impact on open mindfulness about ecological issues.Realistically however, apparently the main genuine impact of Browne’s work may have been on his vocation. Commentator David Marsh, notable for his editorial on exciting music, put it thusly. â€Å"This is one time Jackson Browne did his words significant equity as a vocalist †it's just an incredible bit of singing, obvious, furious, tormented but hurting more than all else with an affection that is demonstrated once more to be lacking to hold an actual existence together.The question while thi s music and the story unfurl isn't the means by which the artist will endure †he's as of now revealed to us that †yet how the audience will keep his poise sufficiently long to hear it through. † (Ward 1) The melody may well have been a typical issue and totally fitting for the long perspective on history, however in the way of life of the occasions, it was excessively old fashioned, with insufficient call for direct action.Still, only a couple of years after the fact, Browne got his desire during the Clinton organization when the military modern complex was to a great extent disassembled, America’s standing armed force limited and world concerns brought to the cutting edge of American awareness. Politically-sanctioned racial segregation additionally fell in the interceding years, reaching a conclusion in 1994. When the melody had its ideal effect on spending needs, the dry spell had moved and the destitute was in Rwanda and Darfur and Americans had proceeded o nward to another music structure and again overlooked the destitute children.Just as Browne’s sob for equity came extremely late in the period of Apartheid, it came from the get-go in the call for natural activism and individuals missed its call to make the best decision and care for the offspring of the world. Works Cited Browne, Clyde Jackson. â€Å"How Long? † World in Motion, Elektra Records, 1989. Ontario Coalition Against Poverty, â€Å"Activism and dissent melody verses page† < http://www. ocap. ca/melodies/howlong. html> December 5, 2007. Paris, Russ. â€Å"Jackson Browne: Biography†. <http://www. jrp-designs. com/jb/jbbio. html>, December 5, 2007. Ward, Michael.â€Å"Jackson Browne: the Artist behind the Words† http://media. www. versusmag. organization/media/stockpiling/paper584/news/2003/10/22/Music/Jackson. Browne-547215. shtml>, December 5, 2007. To what extent by Jackson Browne When you investigate a kid's face And you' re seeing mankind And the unlimited prospects there Where so much can work out And you think about the delightful things A youngster can do How long †would the kid endure How long †on the off chance that it was up to you When you think about the cash spent On barrier by an administration And the weapons of devastation we've constructed

How Long Does Methamphetamine (Meth) Stay in Your System

How Long Does Methamphetamine (Meth) Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Meth Print How Long Does Methamphetamine (Meth) Stay in Your System? Methamphetamine in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 26, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 06, 2020 More in Addiction Drug Use Meth Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Effects Duration Factors That Affect Detection Time Elimination Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top Methamphetamine, also known under the brand name Desoxyn or street names meth, crank, crystal, glass, ice, and speed, is a stimulant drug that speeds up the  body’s systems. After marijuana, meth is the second most popular illicit drug in the world. Methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II drug in the United States, meaning that its considered a drug with a high potential for misuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence.?? Though most often used illicitly as a recreational drug, it is also available in prescription form as Desoxyn, which is used for treating ADHD and the short-term treatment of obesity. Determining exactly how long methamphetamine is detectable in the body depends on many variables, including the type of test used, the method of use, and a persons unique physical characteristics. Methamphetamine can be detected for a shorter period of time with some tests but can be visible for up to three months in others. Verywell / Jessica Olah What to Know About Methamphetamine Use How Long Does It Take to Feel the Effects? The effects of methamphetamine begin rapidly after intravenous use or when it is smoked. The primary effects last from four to eight hours, with residual effects lasting up to 12 hours. Amphetamine (a methamphetamine metabolite) is detectable in drug tests long after the person feels back to normal. The effects of methamphetamine vary widely between prescribed therapeutic doses compared to dosages usually used by people who misuse meth. Prescription doses of 10mg to 30mg  can improve reaction time, relieve fatigue, improve cognitive function testing, increase subjective feelings of alertness, increase time estimation, and increase euphoria. However, a larger dose of meth can cause the following effects: AgitationInattentionRestlessnessInability to focus attention on divided attention tasksMotor excitationIncreased reaction timeTime distortionDepressed reflexesPoor balance and coordinationInability to follow directions What It Feels Like to Get High on Meth Driving Concerns According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), drivers who are under the influence of methamphetamine display a wide variety of behaviors including: SpeedingLane travelErratic drivingAccidentsNervousnessRapid and non-stop speechUnintelligible speechDisorientationAgitationStaggeringAwkward movementsIrrational or violent behavior, and unconsciousness?? In the 101 cases reviewed by NHTSA in which meth was the only drug detected, impairment was attributed to distraction, disorientation, motor excitation, hyperactive reflexes, general cognitive impairment, or withdrawal, fatigue, and hypersomnolence.?? How Long Does Methamphetamine Last? The half-life of methamphetamine is an average of 10 hours. This means it takes about 10 hours for half of the ingested dose to be metabolized and eliminated from the bloodstream.  When taken orally, concentrations of methamphetamine peak in the bloodstream between 2.6 and 3.6 hours, and the amphetamine metabolite peaks at 12 hours. If meth is taken intravenously, the elimination half-life is a little longer at about 12.2 hours.?? Methamphetamine is metabolized by a liver enzyme and is excreted by the kidneys in urine. It is metabolized (or broken down) into amphetamine, and 4-hydromethamphetamine. Various testing methods have different estimated ranges of times or detection windows, during which meth can be picked up after a person has taken the drug.?? Urine Meth is typically detectable in urine for one to four days but may be detectable for up to a week after heavy, chronic use. A urine test typically shows a higher concentration of meth than other drug tests because the drugs metabolites are eliminated through urine. Blood Blood tests can detect meth most quickly after its been used, typically one to three days after last use. Saliva Meth can be detected in saliva for one to four days after the last use. Hair A hair follicle test can detect meth in your system for up to 90 days. False Positive Testing While a useful, simple, and inexpensive tool, immunoassays (one of the most common types of urine drug screen) can give false-positive results. Taking metformin (sold as Fortamet, Glucophage, Glumteza, Glucophage XR, and Riomet), which is used to treat type 2 diabetes, can result in a positive test for methamphetamine. Ritalin (methylphenidate), which is used to treat ADHD, and Trandate (labetalol), which is an alpha- and beta-blocker used to control blood pressure, can also result in a false positive for meth. Antihistamines, nasal inhalers, and cold medicines that contain pseudoephedrine and/or promethazine as well as antidepressants (such as bupropion, fluoxetine, trazodone, and selegiline) can also produce false positives. Last but not least, ephedra-containing products may cause false-positive methamphetamine results in urine drug screens. Testing to identify specific drugs, rather than classes of drugs, is needed to confirm a positive urine drug screen for methamphetamine. To ensure clinicians can accurately interpret your drug screen results, always disclose any prescription or over-the-counter medications you are taking. Many states have passed zero-tolerance laws for driving while under the influence of methamphetamine. In those states, if a blood test shows any amount of meth at all, you can be charged with driving under the influence.Because methamphetamine remains in the system long after the effects of the drug wear off, you might feel like you are OK to drive, but can still run the risk of being charged with drugged driving if any meth shows up in a blood or urine test. Factors That Affect Detection Time The timetable for detecting methamphetamine in the human body depends on the individuals health, metabolism, age, physical activity, and frequency of use, making it difficult to determine how long meth will show up on a drug test. Overall Health Your overall health, including liver and kidney function, can play a role in how quickly meth is processed and cleared from your body. Frequency of Use People who use amphetamine very frequently will have longer detection times than those who use the drug one time. Metabolic Rate People with a high metabolism tend to process and excrete amphetamine more quickly than those with a slower metabolism. Age, activity level, and overall health can all play a role in your metabolic rate. Smoking vs. Injecting Whether you take the drug orally or intravenously can impact detection time. Injecting the drug Smoking or snorting amphetamine smoke or snort meth, it will stay in the body for a shorter amount of time than if you inject the drug. If, on the other hand, youve been prescribed Adderall and take it as prescribed, the drug will likely remain in your bloodstream for longer periods of time. How to Get Methamphetamine Out of Your System There are plenty of false claims and myths when it comes to how to pass a drug test. For example, there are false that baking soda bombs, which is a mixture of water, bleach, and baking soda, mask the presence of methamphetamine in urine. There is no proven research that this works, and further, you take an enormous health risk when you ingest any amount of bleach. The only way to get meth out of your system is to stop using the drug and allowing your body time to metabolize and eliminate it.  Staying healthy by getting regular exercise and drinking plenty of water may also help you metabolize the substance more quickly. Symptoms of Overdose One of the main reasons to be aware of how long meth remains in the system is the risk of overdose.  Here are some symptoms of a meth overdose: Difficulty breathingChest painIrregular heartbeatHeart attackStrokeSeizuresSevere agitationParanoiaExtremely high body temperatureKidney damage or failure Some of these symptoms can be life-threatening, so it is important to seek professional medical help right away if you suspect that you or a loved one may be experiencing a methamphetamine overdose. Drug Overdose Signs and Treatment Meth and Alcohol Some believe that methamphetamine can reverse some of the impairment effects of alcohol. Thats because meth may restore alcohol-induced impairment in simple repetitive tasks of short duration. However, NHTSA research has uncovered no restoration of alcohol-induced deficits of balance and steadiness. Overall, research indicates that methamphetamine is more likely to increase the impairing effects of alcohol. The substances should not be used together. The combination can also increase the risk of alcohol poisoning since people do not realize how much they’ve had to drink. Why Meth and Alcohol Is a Deadly Combo Getting Help If youre concerned about having too much meth in your system or testing positive for the drug, its likely time to seek help or consult your doctor. If you use meth heavily and/or regularly, its best to detox from the drug under the guidance of a medical professional who can guide you safely through the withdrawal and treatment process. Twenty four hours after you stop using meth, you can expect to experience symptoms of withdrawal, which can range from mild to severe, depending on the frequency of use and dependency. Some common signs and symptoms of meth withdrawal include: AnxietyFatigue and sleepinessDepressionCravingsIncreased appetite What to Expect From Meth Withdrawal If you or someone you love wants to quit using meth, there are steps you can take to get through the withdrawal process and succeed in your recovery. Start by talking to your doctor for advice and assistance, or contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) at 1-800-662-4357. They also have a free,  online tool  to find treatment options in your area. Symptoms of Stimulant Use Disorder

Compare and contrast how the three male characters are...

Compare and contrast how the three male characters are presented to us in The Millers Tale and consider their roles in the Fabliau. The three male characters in Chaucer’s ‘The Millers Tale’ present many of the classic themes in and genre ‘Fabliau’. In English literature there is only a small amount of these tales and half of those are Chaucer’s. While in French literature there are over 300 stories. Nicholas is presented at the start of the ‘tale’ as gentle (hende) shy and therefore trusted and experienced in passionate courtly love, we can tell from his appearance and description that he will be the stereotypical fabliau character who is ‘cunning’ and always ‘makes fun of’ the other more foolish characters. John the carpenter†¦show more content†¦This is a contrast to the seriousness of love in the Knights Tale. It also reminds us that the purpose of courtly love in the end is of a sexual nature. Classic Fabliau targets for jokes are the religious in this case it is John who believes Nicholas’s tale of the ‘flood’ the tale also makes fun of John’s beliefs, gullible ‘fools’ such as John and Absolon who because of their foolishness are punished by Nicholas’s and in a sense Alison’s cunning. John is a good Carpenter; but he is naive in that Nicholas was able to persuade him about the oncoming flood. He is also irrational by thinking that he can keep his young wife contented. His punishment is a broken arm and whilst he was asleep his lodger was making love to his wife. The characters of Nicholas, Absolon and John are all different personalities but their social status is akin to a Fabliau, in the sense that they are realistic and lower / middle class since the target audience for the tale in Chaucer’s time would not have been ‘common’ this is shown by the tales courtly form. But the jokes and themes may have surprised much more upper class people, to which the Miller apologies before he even begins. Many critics have argued that the tale must have been for the bourgeois, indicating that they had a strong appetite for them to be satirized in literature. The tale has no moral to this story, although many things are held up for ridicule Usually an older figure in this case John is cuckoldedShow MoreRelatedExploration of How Males are Presented in Victorian Short Stories733 Words   |  3 PagesExploration of How Males are Presented in Victorian Short Stories Charles Dickens was a prominent author who wrote on the historical eighteenth century issues relevant to the Victorian context. He wrote the following short stories and novels, Captain Murderer, Sikes and Nancy and the Great Expectations. In these stories there are three comparable characters that I am going to compare and contrast. 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Established from the onset as a paragon of virtue with an â€Å"ennobling effect on life†, Wilde laces Gertrude’s moralising tone with dramatic irony throughout the play. As illustrated by her actions at the end of Act 2 where she convinces her husband to withdraw his support of the Suez CanalRead MoreComparing Decision Making Techniques And Consequences Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and Contrast Decision-making Techniques and Consequences Introduction Personal ethics refers to an individual’s personal or self –modeled values and norms. These values are instilled in people while growing up with their parents and friends. They help in distinguishing what a person perceives to be right and wrong. General examples include a sense of responsibility, commitment, honesty, politeness, openness and alongside others. 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I have decided to investigate disguise and deceit because I think it is interesting to see how Shakespeare has used these devices to contribute to the humour of the play. ‘Twelfth Night’ contains many scenes, which are deliberately designed to make the audience laugh, manyRead MoreAnalysis of Trainspoting Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagesa film segment you have viewed and describe the use of mise-en-scene and editing. I have chosen to analyse a small segment of the film Trainspotting. The particular scene I have chosen is called Spuds Interview and shows a character (Spud) attempting to appear as if he is trying to earn the placement at a leisure facility. The catch is he is trying to appear to be trying without actually having to get the job and therefore work. Spud appears to be drugged and hisRead MoreDifferent Yet Similar Close to everything in our world is either compared or contrasted. People1900 Words   |  8 Pagesto; figure out which subject is better or worse, to see how similar topics are to one another, and to enhance our understanding on certain issues. Comparing and contrasting work best when someone uses these methods to find similarities or differences of unlikely sources based on unique factors. By finding similarities between unlikely sources, one would have to analyze deeper to find interesting results. Two unlikely sources that one can compare are the two books The Summer Tree and Journey to the Centre

Ancient Indian Empires and Kingdoms

From their original settlements in the Punjab region, the Aryans gradually began to penetrate eastward, clearing dense forests and establishing tribal settlements along the Ganga and Yamuna (Jamuna) flood  plains between 1500 and ca. 800 B.C. By around 500 B.C., most of northern India was inhabited and had been brought under cultivation, facilitating the increasing knowledge of the use of iron implements, including ox-drawn plows, and spurred by the growing population that provided voluntary and forced labor. As riverine and inland trade flourished, many towns along the Ganga became centers of trade, culture, and luxurious living. Increasing population and surplus production provided the bases for the emergence of independent states with fluid territorial boundaries over which disputes frequently arose. The rudimentary administrative system headed by tribal chieftains was transformed by a number of regional republics or hereditary monarchies that devised ways to appropriate revenue and to conscript labor for expanding the areas of settlement and agriculture farther east and south, beyond the Narmada River. These emergent states collected revenue through officials, maintained armies, and built new cities and highways. By 600 B.C., sixteen such territorial powers—including the Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, and Gandhara—stretched across the North India plains from modern-day Afghanistan to Bangladesh. The right of a king to his throne, no matter how it was gained, was usually legitimized through elaborate sacrifice rituals and genealogies concocted by priests who ascribed to the king divine or superhuman origins. The victory of good over evil is epitomized in the epic Ramayana (The Travels of Rama, or Ram in the preferred modern form), while another epic, Mahabharata (Great Battle of the Descendants of Bharata), spells out the concept of dharma and duty. More than 2,500 years later, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, the father of modern India, used these concepts in the fight for independence. The Mahabharata records the feud between Aryan cousins that culminated in an epic battle in which both gods and mortals from many lands allegedly fought to the death, and the Ramayana recounts the kidnapping of Sita, Ramas wife, by Ravana, a demonic king of Lanka (Sri Lanka), her rescue by her husband (aided by his animal allies), and Ramas coronation, leading to a period of prosperity and justice. In the late twentieth century, these epics remain dear to the hearts of Hindus and are commonly read and enacted in many settings. In the 1980s and 1990s, Rams story has been exploited by Hindu militants and politicians to gain power, and the much disputed Ramjanmabhumi, the birth site of Ram, has become an extremely sensitive communal issue, potentially pitting Hindu majority against a  Muslim minority. By the end of the sixth century B.C., Indias northwest was integrated into the Persian Achaemenid Empire and became one of its satrapies. This integration marked the beginning of administrative contacts between Central Asia and India. Magadha Although Indian accounts to a large extent ignored Alexander the Greats Indus campaign in 326 B.C., Greek writers recorded their impressions of the general conditions prevailing in South Asia during this period. Thus, the year 326 B.C. provides the first clear and historically verifiable date in Indian history. A two-way cultural fusion between several Indo-Greek elements—especially in art, architecture, and coinage—occurred in the next several hundred years. North Indias political landscape was transformed by the emergence of Magadha in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain. In 322 B.C., Magadha, under the rule of Chandragupta Maurya, began to assert its hegemony over neighboring areas. Chandragupta, who ruled from 324 to 301 B.C., was the architect of the first Indian imperial power -- the Mauryan Empire (326-184 B.C.)—whose capital was Pataliputra, near modern-day Patna, in Bihar. Situated on rich alluvial soil and near mineral deposits, especially iron, Magadha was at the center of bustling commerce and trade. The capital was a city of magnificent palaces, temples, a university, a library, gardens, and parks, as reported by Megasthenes, the third-century B.C. Greek historian and ambassador to the Mauryan court. Legend states that Chandraguptas success was due in large measure to his adviser Kautilya, the Brahman author of the Arthashastra (Science of Material Gain), a textbook that outlined governmental administration and political strategy. There was a highly centralized and hierarchical government with a large staff, which regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial arts, mining, vital statistics, the welfare of foreigners, maintenance of public places including markets and temples, and prostitutes. A large standing army and a well-developed espionage system were maintained. The empire was divided into provinces, districts, and villages governe d by a host of centrally appointed local officials, who replicated the functions of the central administration. Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, ruled from 269 to 232 B.C. and was one of Indias most illustrious rulers. Ashokas inscriptions chiseled on rocks and stone pillars located at strategic locations throughout his empire—such as Lampaka (Laghman in modern Afghanistan), Mahastan (in modern Bangladesh), and Brahmagiri (in Karnataka)—constitute the second set of datable historical records. According to some of the inscriptions, in the aftermath of the carnage resulting from his campaign against the powerful kingdom of Kalinga (modern Orissa), Ashoka renounced bloodshed and pursued a policy of nonviolence or ahimsa, espousing a theory of rule by righteousness. His toleration for different religious beliefs and languages reflected the realities of Indias regional pluralism although he personally seems to have followed Buddhism (see Buddhism, ch. 3). Early Buddhist stories assert that he convened a Buddhist council at his capital, regularly undertook tours within his realm, and sent Buddhist missionary ambassadors to Sri Lanka. Contacts established with the Hellenistic world during the reign of Ashokas predecessors served him well. He sent diplomatic-cum-religious missions to the rulers of Syria, Macedonia, and Epirus, who learned about Indias religious traditions, especially Buddhism. Indias northwest retained many Persian cultural elements, which might explain Ashokas rock inscriptions— such inscriptions were commonly associated with Persian rulers. Ashokas Greek and Aramaic inscriptions found in Kandahar in Afghanistan may also reveal his desire to maintain ties with people outside of India. After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire in the second century B.C., South Asia became a collage of regional powers with overlapping boundaries. Indias unguarded northwestern border again attracted a series of invaders between 200 B.C. and A.D. 300. As the Aryans had done, the invaders became Indianized in the process of their conquest and settlement. Also, this period witnessed remarkable intellectual and artistic achievements inspired by cultural diffusion and syncretism. The Indo-Greeks, or the Bactrians, of the northwest contributed to the development of numismatics; they were followed by another group, the Shakas (or Scythians), from the steppes of Central Asia, who settled in western India. Still other nomadic people, the Yuezhi, who were forced out of the Inner Asian steppes of Mongolia, drove the Shakas out of northwestern India and established the Kushana Kingdom (first-century B.C.-third century A.D.). The Kushana Kingdom controlled parts of Afghanistan and Iran, and in India, the realm stretched from Purushapura (modern Peshawar, Pakistan) in the northwest, to Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) in the east, and to Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh) in the south. For a short period, the kingdom reached still farther east, to Pataliputra. The Kushana Kingdom was the crucible of trade among the Indian, Persian, Chinese, and Roman empires and controlled a critical part of the legendary Silk Road. Kanishka, who reigned for two decades starting around A.D. 78, was the most noteworthy Kushana ruler. He converted to Buddhism and convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir. The Kushanas were patrons of Gandharan art, a synthesis between Greek and Indian styles, and Sanskrit literature. They initiated a new era called Shaka in A.D. 78, and their calendar, which was formally recognized by India for civil purposes starting on March 22, 1957, is still in use.

The Meaning of Citizenship Free Essays

The Meaning of Citizenship Essay The Meaning of Citizenship according to the author is what we make it mean. What a bunch of malarkey! The history of how the definition of citizenship has evolved was well done but I kept having this feeling that she was trying to get me to subscribe to some new world order of citizenship. I like the Dictionary definition of citizenship is the state of being vested with the rights, privileges, and duties of a citizen. We will write a custom essay sample on The Meaning of Citizenship or any similar topic only for you Order Now The character of an individual viewed as a member of society; behavior in terms of duties, obligations, and functions of a citizen. She suggested that citizenship was inconsistent from the very beginning of the United States. Yes it was because we were all immigrants from the start. Women were still seen a property to their husband, Africans was slaves, Native American conquered, and a lot of old world racism was in full swing. America was the great experiment by its founding fathers. Never had it been tried to bring all people together as one country of citizens, well at least what they consider â€Å"as people† at that time. Some may argue that the romans were doing the same thing but they were doing it at sword point then by volunteer. Even though some of the founding father was still behind in their thinking others were not. They build the constitution so that future generations could learn from their father’s mistake and improve America for everyone. I was very surprise that the Supreme Court did not rule that the power of husbands over wives is no longer recognizable in law until 1992. Wow that took 216 years to figure that out. Also that if a woman got married to a noncitizen she would lose her citizenship and be seen as a citizen of her husband country but on the flip side of the coin if the wife married an American husband they became a US citizen until the law change in 1934. Currently the married spouse has the option to either become a permanent residence or naturalization. Naturalization is no easy task either. Under the Path to citizenship on the U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services the spouse has to take a naturalization test. Sad part according to US News and World Report Weekly poll done back in April of 2012 1 in 3 Americans would fail this test. Another big issue today is illegal women having children in the United State in order to not to get deported. This loop-hole has become to be known as â€Å"baby anchor†. In a way they gain citizenship though the kids. Many countries have closed this loop-hole and I think it time for America to do so too. I would give amnesty to all kids and parents here now then set a deadline date 10months out that one of the child parents is must be a U. S. Citizen otherwise that child will be consider as the citizen of one of the parent foreign citizenship. The history about race factor on citizenship was pretty much dead on. Of all the nationalities from around the world the people from African have had it the worst. Even till this day I don’t see why people looked down on Africans. African American has had the hardest time integrate in to American society. It was mostly because their immigration was forced to America by slavery. When they won their freedom they were still treated like 2nd class citizens. Even today most of the culture seems torn about where they fit into America society. The Chinese and Japanese were treated just as badly. They were seen as rats or beasts to use till they dropped over dead. If anything they weren’t even seen as human beings. They fought back hard to earn their rights and somehow moved forward as a culture to integrate with American society. Then the author goes into class warfare for three pages. Most of it did not make sense other then she trying to make the argument that social security is some kind social citizenship. Now the way I see it with immigration most moving from one country to another are lower or poor people. When they move into a very well off country they can bear the cost of it. America is at a point where immigration is collapsing local government fiances. More people are pulling from the system then put in. The states along the Mexican border are suffering majorly from this due to illegal immigration. Immigration is a good thing for a country but it must be controlled. In Europe many countries are having negative birth rates meaning more people are dying faster than babies are born. In a capitalism economy they build the social program are design to be funded by future population grow who pay into the social program. The problem is that most of their growth now is from immigration that are almost doubling unemployment in European country but benefiting from the host country social programs. (See http://www. migrationpolicy. org/pubs/TCM-integration. pdf) Linda Kerber once again starts to ramble on for another five pages. It covers the Boston Tea Party, Dred Scott decision of 1857, Yick Wo the laundry guy vs. Hopkins, War Brides Act of World War II, and a few other Supreme Court rulings to support her views, California Proposition 187, the Cold War, Iran-Contra, Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and something about Peter Pan vs. Captain Hooker. Well not that last thing. All of this was a setup to give you a right hook to the head about her post national citizenship idea. And so she opens up with â€Å"Do we need citizenship? † This is where the final punch gets you. She starts to make hidden points to being a one world citizenship because like as she stated from the start citizenship means what we make it mean. This will not work as many cultures that have such polar views of each other. An example would be that Islam faith is so tie into it governing system that is Islamic law which is set by the religion is law via in United State religion is kept separated from government laws. She is right that we are one world family but we live under different homes with different rules and values. To me illegal immigration is like having the uninvited family member visits you. They say they are only going to be visiting for 3 days but end up staying for years. We can’t just join with other people if they don’t believe in the Bill of Rights created by our founders. What would be the point of freedom of the press if you can’t write about something that will offend a person or group? In the end I think most people keep mixing citizenship and culture together. Becoming a citizenship must mean more then I was able to sneak into this land. We must close the loop-holes in immigration to remove some of the arguments on citizenship but not eliminate immigration itself. We have to end this feeling of it means whatever it means to you. It’s a cop out. We must stand firm that this is what it takes to be a citizen of the United States. How to cite The Meaning of Citizenship, Papers

Code Business Conduct Acting with Integrity -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Code Business Conduct Acting With Integrity? Answer: Introducation Coca-Cola Company is the largest company globally best known for manufacturing and packaging of soft drinks. It operates in over 200 countries worldwide. Integrity has played a bigger role together with other values it achieving daily outputs. Starbucks, on the other hand, is a leading roaster and retailer of coffee worldwide. Its character on the finest coffee, well-known customer service, and highest integrity has enabled its success. In this paper, we are going to discuss the differences in the code of ethics for the two companies basis on information or content and they are as follows: Code of conduct and Law Starbucks requires full compliance with the law and good behavior, where there seems to be misunderstanding, the manager or resource representative or business and compliance officer should be contacted. Helplines are also present and are toll-free and one can call to ask questions or raise concerns over some things on a 24/7 basis. Web line an online tool also helps the partners in seeking guidance and raise concerns on some stuff. All concerns will be attended to as quickly as possible and all information provided will be kept confidential. For Coca-Cola Company, on the other hand, everyone must comprehend the code of conduct required and comply with the code and the law as required. In the case where there are doubts, one can seek guidance from the management, ethics office or from business and ethics compliance officer. As noted in the writings by The Coca-Cola company, (April 2009), the office dealing with doubts/ misunderstanding should always answer the questions and give the necessary attention to the one asking it, if a point of concern, local ethics or ethics compliance officers should be ready to listen to the concern. Business practices and integrity in the company In Coca-Cola company, all business and financial records should be accurate and be kept safely; this is everyones responsibility not the accounts team only. All company assets should be secured and that there should be no misuse apart for the reason intended. Companys information should be well kept and that no information concerning its contracts, pricing, employee information should be given out without permission. Coca-Cola Company respects the confidentiality of information concerning its employees, business partners, and potential customers. For Starbucks Company, all laws, rules, and regulations are adhered to in all the countries it operates its business. Highest ethical standards should be followed by all partners when dealing with any business transaction. The Starbucks coffee company, (2011) opines that Partners should follow all rules and regulations and any information that might be shared to aid business should be accurate and truthful. Information shared with the government agencies and for sales, promotions should always be accurate and truthful. Conflicts of interests Both companies state that there should not be any interference towards performing a duty owed to the company and if it is present it should be avoided. Treatment of others For Coca-Cola company, relationship with others has led to the improvement of their business; they include government agencies, customers, consumers and suppliers, and the competitors (The Coca-Cola company, 2009). In Starbucks Company, treatment is done with respect and dignity and that all partners are entitled to working in a conducive environment (The Starbucks coffee company, 2011). Customer service has been the top priority for the company. The code of ethics for the two companies basing on design or presentation includes: Workplace health and safety Both companies ensure that all health and safety rule is adhered to hence avoiding injuries at work. Health and safety measures should be well known by everyone in the organization. Quality and customer protection The companies are committed to carrying out measures which protect the customer's health and safety, anything that seems to impose danger should be reported to the concerned authority Discipline Actions Anyone who violates the law should face a fit discipline action according to the code of law. Serious offenses lead to suspensions and some can even cause termination of employment. Substance abuse and weapon possession According to the companies code of law, no employee or partner is allowed to abuse any substance or be in a possession of any weapon. Wages rules All the companies should follow all the set rules governing the wages of the employees. Workers or partners who perform their duties past their expected timeline should be compensated by being paid hourly as the number of hours worked. According to the Coca-Cola company (April 2009), the code of ethics which favors newly employed individuals includes the workplace environment. This is because companies offers an equal opportunity for hiring practices and they make recruitment decisions based on the criteria of the job and does not apply forced labor. New employees are treated well and there should be no harassment and bullying offered to them. Good working environment offered by the companies allows room for everyone and their abilities, strengths, and difference and promote diversity which brings in good competition to the company. For the existing employees, ethics which favors them are like discipline actions as violations of laws leads to disciplinary cases, treatment of others affects them too as they should be able to care for others and especially the new ones and avoid harassment and bullying. They should be able to protect the companies property and not expose private information. In cases where they are required to give certain information which helps in improving the business, they should give correct information as it should be. References The Coca-Cola company, (April 2009). Code of Business Conduct; Acting with Integrity Around the Globe. Atlanta, Georgia. Coca-Cola publishers. The Starbucks coffee company, (2011). Business Ethics and Compliance; Standards of business conduct. Seattle, New York. Starbucks publishers.